evidence table

Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial Evidence Table

Structured evidence table for Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial, generated from 2 reusable source documents in the Migaku knowledge base.

topicclaimevidence levelcitationsource
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialEvidence arises simultaneously from metabolic research, neuroendocrinology, hepatology, reproductive biology, and matrix biochemistry, yet these fields differ substantially in experimental models, assay methodologies, isoform definitions, and clinical endpoints.3Derwich Wiktor (2026)Osteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialThis narrative review aims to unify these perspectives by: (a) summarizing structural determinants and carboxylation-dependent isoform biology; (b) outlining receptor-level mechanisms across target organs; (c) consolidating human evidence, including clamp-validated metabolic data; and (d) clarifying methodological and analytical limitations that critically shape the interpretation of OCN physiology.3Derwich Wiktor (2026)Osteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialAs this is a narrative review, no formal eligibility criteria, protocol registration, or risk-of-bias tools were applied; studies were selected based on relevance, biological coherence, and their conceptual contribution to OCN physiology.3Derwich Wiktor (2026)Osteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialBone is increasingly recognized as an endocrine organ, and osteocalcin (OCN) exemplifies this paradigm shift.3Derwich Wiktor (2026)Osteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialVitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,].3D’Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialEpidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,].3D’Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized TrialThese findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [].3D&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health [].3D&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimEvidence arises simultaneously from metabolic research, neuroendocrinology, hepatology, reproductive biology, and matrix biochemistry, yet these fields differ substantially in experimental models, assay methodologies, isoform definitions, and clinical endpoints.
evidence level3
citationDerwich Wiktor (2026)
sourceOsteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimThis narrative review aims to unify these perspectives by: (a) summarizing structural determinants and carboxylation-dependent isoform biology; (b) outlining receptor-level mechanisms across target organs; (c) consolidating human evidence, including clamp-validated metabolic data; and (d) clarifying methodological and analytical limitations that critically shape the interpretation of OCN physiology.
evidence level3
citationDerwich Wiktor (2026)
sourceOsteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimAs this is a narrative review, no formal eligibility criteria, protocol registration, or risk-of-bias tools were applied; studies were selected based on relevance, biological coherence, and their conceptual contribution to OCN physiology.
evidence level3
citationDerwich Wiktor (2026)
sourceOsteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimBone is increasingly recognized as an endocrine organ, and osteocalcin (OCN) exemplifies this paradigm shift.
evidence level3
citationDerwich Wiktor (2026)
sourceOsteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimVitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimEpidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimThese findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health [].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties

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Source documents

  1. Osteocalcin Beyond Bone: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Networks, and Translational Perspectives Across Metabolism, Neurobiology, and Chronic Disease
  2. Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties