Structured evidence table for Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis, generated from 2 reusable source documents in the Migaku knowledge base.
| topic | claim | evidence level | citation | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | In arteries, intimal calcification has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, being positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden and major adverse cardiovascular events. | 3 | Towler Dwight A. (2026) | Calcific Aortopathy in Response to Aging and Injury |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | By comparison, medial calcification increases vascular stiffness, causing increased pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure, thereby contributing to hypertension, myocardial ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure (discussed in the following). | 3 | Towler Dwight A. (2026) | Calcific Aortopathy in Response to Aging and Injury |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | In the aortic valve, calcification is associated with additional clinical settings and consequences (Table). | 3 | Towler Dwight A. (2026) | Calcific Aortopathy in Response to Aging and Injury |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | 1 1 As originally described in Lobstein’s autopsies, Virchow’s histopathology, and Mönckeberg’s radiographs, aortic calcification exhibits considerable histoanatomic variation. | 3 | Towler Dwight A. (2026) | Calcific Aortopathy in Response to Aging and Injury |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | Vitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,]. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | Epidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,]. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | These findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality []. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health []. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
Source documents