topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claimStudies on vitamin D have increased tremendously since the vitamin D receptor VDR has been identified in the whole immune cell population, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and B cells [].
evidence level3
citationShende Sandesh (2026)
sourceVitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claim11 2 12 13 14 Vitamin D was historically confined to skeletal biology, primarily associated with calcium–phosphate homeostasis and the prevention of rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis [].
evidence level3
citationShende Sandesh (2026)
sourceVitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claimAccumulating evidence indicates that hypovitaminosis D is common in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as well as in infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and acute respiratory tract infections [].
evidence level3
citationShende Sandesh (2026)
sourceVitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 Vitamin D was historically confined to skeletal biology.
evidence level3
citationShende Sandesh (2026)
sourceVitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 More than two billion people are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies, which often involve multiple, rather than single, nutrients [,].
evidence level4
citationMuacevic Alexander (2026)
sourceA to Z of Health: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Multivitamin-Multimineral and Nutraceutical Supplementation
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claimThey are widely used to help individuals meet their daily nutrient requirements, support overall health, and address increased nutritional needs associated with pregnancy, aging, and illness.
evidence level4
citationMuacevic Alexander (2026)
sourceA to Z of Health: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Multivitamin-Multimineral and Nutraceutical Supplementation
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claimAccording to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, MVM use in the USA increased from 35% in 1999-2000 [] to 49-52% between 2011 and 2014, with higher usage among women than men [-].
evidence level4
citationMuacevic Alexander (2026)
sourceA to Z of Health: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Multivitamin-Multimineral and Nutraceutical Supplementation
topicCod Liver Oil Vitamin D Meta-Analysis
claimThe most common deficiencies include vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin D, iron, iodine, and zinc, especially among children and women in low- and middle-income countries [-].
evidence level4
citationMuacevic Alexander (2026)
sourceA to Z of Health: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Multivitamin-Multimineral and Nutraceutical Supplementation