evidence table

Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial Evidence Table

Structured evidence table for Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial, generated from 2 reusable source documents in the Migaku knowledge base.

topicclaimevidence levelcitationsource
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Physical activity guidelines recommend that muscle strengthening exercises are performed on at least 2 days per week (), with the consensus that resistance exercise is the most efficacious way to increase muscle mass and strength, alongside broad ranging health benefits including lowering risk of premature mortality (,).2Lithgow Hannah (2026)The effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults – The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized TrialThis is particularly important in older adults as resistance exercise can reduce injury risk, including risk of falls and fractures, and subsequently promote longevity by supporting healthy ageing ().2Lithgow Hannah (2026)The effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults – The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized TrialThe consequences of EIMD include a temporary loss of muscular function, experiencing muscle soreness and pain, reduced muscle force production, and an increase in inflammation ().2Lithgow Hannah (2026)The effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults – The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized TrialVitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,].3D’Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized TrialEpidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,].3D’Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized TrialThese findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [].3D&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
Vitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health [].3D&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Physical activity guidelines recommend that muscle strengthening exercises are performed on at least 2 days per week (), with the consensus that resistance exercise is the most efficacious way to increase muscle mass and strength, alongside broad ranging health benefits including lowering risk of premature mortality (,).
evidence level2
citationLithgow Hannah (2026)
sourceThe effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults &#8211; The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claimThis is particularly important in older adults as resistance exercise can reduce injury risk, including risk of falls and fractures, and subsequently promote longevity by supporting healthy ageing ().
evidence level2
citationLithgow Hannah (2026)
sourceThe effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults &#8211; The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claimThe consequences of EIMD include a temporary loss of muscular function, experiencing muscle soreness and pain, reduced muscle force production, and an increase in inflammation ().
evidence level2
citationLithgow Hannah (2026)
sourceThe effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults &#8211; The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claimVitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claimEpidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claimThese findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties
topicVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health [].
evidence level3
citationD&#8217;Elia Saverio (2025)
sourceModulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties

Learn next

Related evidence and supplement guides

SupplementAkkermansia MuciniphilaA next-generation gut bacterium that plays a crucial role in strengthening the intestinal mucin...SupplementVitamin CA potent water-soluble antioxidant that protects cells, supports collagen synthesis, and boosts...SupplementVitamin K2A critical vitamin that directs calcium into the bones and teeth while preventing calcification...SupplementVitamin D3A fat-soluble vitamin crucial for calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and mood reg...GuideVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial: What the Evidence SaysVitamin K2 Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial has 2 source documents in the current Migaku e...GuideVitamin C Skin Health Randomized Trial: What the Evidence SaysVitamin C Skin Health Randomized Trial has 3 source documents in the current Migaku evidence dat...GuideTaurine Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial: What the Evidence SaysTaurine Cardiovascular Health Randomized Trial has 2 source documents in the current Migaku evid...GuideVitamin K Bone Health Randomized Trial: What the Evidence SaysVitamin K Bone Health Randomized Trial has 2 source documents in the current Migaku evidence dat...

Source documents

  1. The effects of vitamin K 2 on recovery from muscle damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults &#8211; The TAKEOVER randomised controlled trial
  2. Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties