evidence table
Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial Evidence Table
Structured evidence table for Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial, generated from 2 reusable source documents in the Migaku knowledge base.
| topic | claim | evidence level | citation | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | Vitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with adverse outcomes, including increased susceptibility to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [,]. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | Epidemiological studies further indicate that populations in regions with higher sun exposure exhibit lower prevalence of deficiency and reduced mortality from chronic disease [,]. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | These findings are reinforced by recent large-scale analyses: for example, a 2023 study in Clinical Nutrition involving nearly 410,000 UK Biobank participants reported that individuals with severe deficiency (<30 nmol/L) had a 10% increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and up to 35% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality []. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Vitamin D, a pleiotropic secosteroid, exerts physiological effects far beyond its classical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal health []. | 3 | D’Elia Saverio (2025) | Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | 14 15 11 12 16 17 18 Epidemiological studies support this notion, reporting that higher vitamin K status is associated with better physical performance and lower risk of mobility limitation in older adults (,). | 4 | Ran Xiaoyu (2026) | Vitamin K and muscle health: mechanisms and clinical perspectives in sarcopenia and beyond: narrative review |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | Phylloquinone is abundant in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, and broccoli, whereas menaquinones are synthesized by bacterial fermentation and found in foods such as natto, cheese, dairy, and meat products (,). | 4 | Ran Xiaoyu (2026) | Vitamin K and muscle health: mechanisms and clinical perspectives in sarcopenia and beyond: narrative review |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | Moreover, vitamin K1 is primarily associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is rapidly cleared by the liver (). | 4 | Ran Xiaoyu (2026) | Vitamin K and muscle health: mechanisms and clinical perspectives in sarcopenia and beyond: narrative review |
| Vitamin K2 Bone Health Randomized Trial | 1 3 4 6 7 9 Sarcopenia, defined by the progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and performance, represents a major contributor to frailty, disability, and mortality in aging populations (–). | 4 | Ran Xiaoyu (2026) | Vitamin K and muscle health: mechanisms and clinical perspectives in sarcopenia and beyond: narrative review |
Source documents