topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claim41 17 42 17 + 2+ 3 Chronic treatment of aged rats with GPC restored the number of muscarinic Mreceptors to levels found in the striatum and hippocampus from young animals ().
evidence level3
citationKansakar Urna (2023)
sourceCholine supplements: An update
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claimRepeated injections of GPC significantly increased basal formation of [H]inositol monophosphate in hippocampal, cortical, and striatal slices of male rats ().
evidence level3
citationKansakar Urna (2023)
sourceCholine supplements: An update
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claim43 44 in vitro In a model of acute cerebral ischemia in rats, GPC increased the tolerance of neurons to ischemic damage and slowed the execution of the cell death program ().
evidence level3
citationKansakar Urna (2023)
sourceCholine supplements: An update
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claim1 5 6 7 Choline is an important nutrient essential for proper functioning of liver, muscle, and brain (–).
evidence level3
citationKansakar Urna (2023)
sourceCholine supplements: An update
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claimThese claims were accepted because they were substantiated by observations that choline deficiency is associated with signs of liver damage (elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity) and the development of fatty liver (hepatosteatosis) in humans fed choline-free total parenteral nutrition solutions, whose effects can be reversed by the administration of dietary choline [,].
evidence level4
citationSynoradzki Kamil (2019)
sourceCiticoline: A Superior Form of Choline?
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claimThere is a large and growing amount of literature on the atherogenicity of TMAO resulting in increased incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death [].
evidence level4
citationSynoradzki Kamil (2019)
sourceCiticoline: A Superior Form of Choline?
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claimA meta-analysis published recently led to the conclusion that higher plasma TMAO correlates with a 23% increase in risk for cardiovascular events and a 55% increase in all-cause mortality [].
evidence level4
citationSynoradzki Kamil (2019)
sourceCiticoline: A Superior Form of Choline?
topicCiticoline Supplementation Cognitive Function Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 Citicoline is the international nonproprietary name (INN) for cytidine-diphosphocholine (CDP-Cho).
evidence level4
citationSynoradzki Kamil (2019)
sourceCiticoline: A Superior Form of Choline?