topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimAccordingly, contemporary guidelines no longer recommend IN-CAL as first-line treatment for chronic osteoporosis, and concerns regarding a potential malignancy signal further limited long-term use.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claim18 A landmark review by Plosker and McTavish summarized the pharmacologic and clinical evidence for IN-CAL through the mid-1990s.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimThe present review builds upon this foundation by contextualizing historical data and synthesizing subsequent evidence across 3 domains: (1) pharmacology and mechanisms; (2) established and preventive osteoporosis; and (3) acute orthopaedic applications, with particular emphasis on analgesia and time-dependent therapeutic effects.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claim1 3 - 4 5 , Intranasal salmon calcitonin (IN-CAL) is a peptide antiresorptive agent historically used in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis, where early randomized trials demonstrated lumbar spine-specific increases in bone mineral density (BMD) with minimal peripheral effects.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimResults At the endpoint, serum calcium levels in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( p p p Conclusion Although within-group improvements in bone mineral density were observed, no significant differences between groups were detected.
evidence level4
citationRueangsri N (2026)
sourceThe effects of dairy products containing <i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i> and <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> on bone turnover biomarkers and bone mineral density: a pilot trial study.
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimBackground/objectives Low bone mineral density is a major public health concern that negatively affects quality of life.
evidence level4
citationRueangsri N (2026)
sourceThe effects of dairy products containing <i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i> and <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> on bone turnover biomarkers and bone mineral density: a pilot trial study.
topicCalcium Bone Mineral Density Randomized Trial
claimDairy products fermented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus have been suggested to promote gut health, enhance calcium absorption, and suppress inflammatory cytokines related to bone turnover.
evidence level4
citationRueangsri N (2026)
sourceThe effects of dairy products containing <i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i> and <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> on bone turnover biomarkers and bone mineral density: a pilot trial study.