topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimConclusion The data from this post-hoc analysis do not provide evidence for the assumption that vitamin K status modifies or enhances effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular or bone parameters.
evidence level2
citationTheiler-Schwetz V (2026)
sourceVitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial.
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimThese findings are in line with current guidelines, which do not routinely recommend vitamin K and D co-treatment in patients with osteoporosis.
evidence level2
citationTheiler-Schwetz V (2026)
sourceVitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial.
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimBackground/objectives Vitamin K and D co-treatment may have additive effects on bone and cardiovascular health and is frequently used as an over-the-counter supplement.
evidence level2
citationTheiler-Schwetz V (2026)
sourceVitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial.
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimThe primary aim of this study was to assess whether the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover markers and cardiovascular parameters is modified according to vitamin K status at baseline (i.e., serum levels of vitamin K1, MK4 and MK7).
evidence level2
citationTheiler-Schwetz V (2026)
sourceVitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial.
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimThe question is whether vitamin K supplementation meaningfully alters vascular calcification progression or cardiovascular outcomes in patients at risk, particularly those with CKD.
evidence level3
citationBrandenburg Vincent (2026)
sourceVitamin K and vascular calcification: from biological plausibility to clinical realism
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimThis review summarizes the current interventional evidence and discusses why initial enthusiasm should now be balanced by clinical realism.
evidence level3
citationBrandenburg Vincent (2026)
sourceVitamin K and vascular calcification: from biological plausibility to clinical realism
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimVitamin K2 refers to menaquinones, including MK-4 to MK-13, which are found in fermented foods and animal products and are also produced by bacteria.
evidence level3
citationBrandenburg Vincent (2026)
sourceVitamin K and vascular calcification: from biological plausibility to clinical realism
topicVitamin K1 Bone Health Randomized Trial
claimMost clinicians encounter vitamin K through its function as an essential cofactor for γ-carboxylation of coagulation factors and through the clinical use of vitamin K antagonists.
evidence level3
citationBrandenburg Vincent (2026)
sourceVitamin K and vascular calcification: from biological plausibility to clinical realism