topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimFor example, statistics from the 2022/23 UEFA Champions League season revealed that when the match temperature was ≥21 °C, both total distance covered and high-speed running distance were markedly lower than in matches played at 6–10 °C, with sprint frequency also reduced [].
evidence level4
citationDai Xincheng (2026)
sourceNutritional Strategies to Support Performance Maintenance and Recovery in Football Under Hot Environmental Conditions: A Narrative Review
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimIn hot environments, increased skin blood flow and heavy sweating facilitate heat dissipation; however, if fluid and electrolyte replacement is insufficient, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance occur, leading to reductions in plasma volume, decreased cardiac output, and elevated heart rate, thereby increasing cardiovascular strain [].
evidence level4
citationDai Xincheng (2026)
sourceNutritional Strategies to Support Performance Maintenance and Recovery in Football Under Hot Environmental Conditions: A Narrative Review
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimSubjective fatigue and thermal discomfort are also greatly increased in hot environments: during constant-intensity exercise at 35 °C, ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were 2–3 points higher than at 20 °C and remained consistently elevated throughout exercise [].
evidence level4
citationDai Xincheng (2026)
sourceNutritional Strategies to Support Performance Maintenance and Recovery in Football Under Hot Environmental Conditions: A Narrative Review
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 4 5 With the progression of global climate warming, football matches held in hot climates have become increasingly frequent, and the performance and health of players in high-temperature environments have attracted widespread attention [,].
evidence level4
citationDai Xincheng (2026)
sourceNutritional Strategies to Support Performance Maintenance and Recovery in Football Under Hot Environmental Conditions: A Narrative Review
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimWithout adequate fluid replacement, thermoregulation becomes less efficient and the risk of dehydration-related fatigue increases [].
evidence level4
citationHsu Yi-Ju (2026)
sourceEffects of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions with and without L-menthol on hydration and performance recovery following simulated firefighting exercise
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimThese results indicate that recovery perception improved progressively over time, with no meaningful differences between rehydration conditions.
evidence level4
citationHsu Yi-Ju (2026)
sourceEffects of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions with and without L-menthol on hydration and performance recovery following simulated firefighting exercise
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claimThese findings align with evidence that fluids containing sodium, potassium, and carbohydrate enhance fluid retention, stimulate voluntary intake, and accelerate restoration of fluid balance compared with water [].
evidence level4
citationHsu Yi-Ju (2026)
sourceEffects of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions with and without L-menthol on hydration and performance recovery following simulated firefighting exercise
topicSodium Hydration Exercise Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 Firefighting tasks performed in full personal protective equipment (PPE) represent an extreme model of high-intensity exercise under thermal strain.
evidence level4
citationHsu Yi-Ju (2026)
sourceEffects of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions with and without L-menthol on hydration and performance recovery following simulated firefighting exercise