topicGaba Sleep Quality Randomized Trial
claimPersistent sleep disturbance is also associated with fatigue, impaired concentration, anxiety and depressive symptoms, increased health-care use, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors, although these associations are strongly shaped by medical and psychiatric comorbidity ().
evidence level3
citationMing He (2026)
sourceAcupuncture-related peripheral stimulation as a candidate neuromodulatory model of insomnia: clinical evidence, sleep-wake circuitry, and translational limits
topicGaba Sleep Quality Randomized Trial
claimGuideline documents, however, also emphasize individualized risk-benefit assessment and attention to next-day sedation, falls, tolerance, dependence, and cognitive adverse effects (;).
evidence level3
citationMing He (2026)
sourceAcupuncture-related peripheral stimulation as a candidate neuromodulatory model of insomnia: clinical evidence, sleep-wake circuitry, and translational limits
topicGaba Sleep Quality Randomized Trial
claimIts manifestations can include sleep-related rumination, elevated sympathetic or stress-axis activity, and increased high-frequency EEG activity, although individual patients need not express every component of this multidimensional phenotype (;;).
evidence level3
citationMing He (2026)
sourceAcupuncture-related peripheral stimulation as a candidate neuromodulatory model of insomnia: clinical evidence, sleep-wake circuitry, and translational limits
topicGaba Sleep Quality Randomized Trial
claimMorin et al., 2011 Riemann et al., 2023 Pigeon et al., 2012 Insomnia disorder is defined by persistent difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, or returning to sleep after early-morning awakening, despite adequate opportunity for sleep and with clinically meaningful daytime consequences.
evidence level3
citationMing He (2026)
sourceAcupuncture-related peripheral stimulation as a candidate neuromodulatory model of insomnia: clinical evidence, sleep-wake circuitry, and translational limits