topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claim8 9 6 10 11 12–14 1 15 16 15 2 16 17 18 Most of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with CKD is attributable to CVD [,] with an increased risk beginning with both mildly reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and very low levels of albuminuria (albumin: creatinine ratio >30 mg/g).
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claimThis risk increases exponentially and independently with worsening eGFR and albuminuria with the highest risk being observed in individuals with severely reduced eGFR and high levels of albuminuria [,,].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claimNot surprisingly, kidney failure, the most extreme category of CKD, is associated with the highest cardiovascular risk [].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claim1–5 4–7 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health priority estimated to affect 13% of adults worldwide including close to 100 million Europeans, and projected to increase rapidly over the next decades [].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claimOver time, however, increased rates of exaggerated inflammatory responses began to be reported in critically ill patients and in individuals receiving long-term parenteral nutrition, and excessive omega-6 fatty-acid delivery was considered a likely contributor to these adverse effects.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claimThis article is a narrative review that aims to synthesize the mechanistic rationale and clinically relevant evidence regarding fish oil-containing injectable lipid emulsions (FO-ILE) used in parenteral nutrition (PN), with a focus on critically ill adult patients.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claimIn addition, reference lists of relevant clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guideline/consensus documents were screened to identify further key publications.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 1 Since the development of the first-generation total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the 1960s, injectable lipid emulsions have been a key component, providing both energy and essential fatty acids [,].
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review