topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimlymphocytes T helper1 (Th1), Th2, Regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Regulatory B cells (Bregs)] and concurrently lowering osteoclastogenic Th17 cells in lymphoid organs.This results in a favorable shift in the serum cytokine balance, characterized by increased anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines [e.g.
evidence level3
citationManocchio Nicola (2026)
sourceExploring the Role of Cissus quadrangularis in Osteoporosis Management
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimThis improved kinetic profile directly translated to enhanced therapeutic efficacy in ovariectomized rats, yielding greater BMD gains compared to crude extracts.
evidence level3
citationManocchio Nicola (2026)
sourceExploring the Role of Cissus quadrangularis in Osteoporosis Management
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimTherefore, modifying the delivery system from traditional crude forms, which carry associated risks of high dosage and limited efficacy, to novel carriers, whether for systemic absorption or sustained local delivery, is critical for unlocking CQ’s full multi-target synergistic osteoprotective potential for clinical application.
evidence level3
citationManocchio Nicola (2026)
sourceExploring the Role of Cissus quadrangularis in Osteoporosis Management
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Osteoporosis (OP) is a significant global health concern affecting over 200 million individuals, particularly postmenopausal women and the elderly.
evidence level3
citationManocchio Nicola (2026)
sourceExploring the Role of Cissus quadrangularis in Osteoporosis Management
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimLong-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiovascular complications,while intra-articular corticosteroid injections, although effective for short-term pain management, can accelerate cartilage degeneration.To date, there are no approved medications that reverse or halt the progression of osteoarthritis.
evidence level3
citationYuan Shuai (2026)
sourceGreening Bone Healing: The Emerging Role of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Therapy
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimWith advances in separation and purification methods, researchers are now able to efficiently extract functional exosomes from diverse plant tissues, such as roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds.There is increasing evidence that PDENs possess remarkable potential for regulating host cell functions and participating in disease prevention and therapy.
evidence level3
citationYuan Shuai (2026)
sourceGreening Bone Healing: The Emerging Role of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Therapy
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimWe then discuss how PDENs and related EVs modulate bone and joint homeostasis, with a focus on preclinical evidence in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis models.
evidence level3
citationYuan Shuai (2026)
sourceGreening Bone Healing: The Emerging Role of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Therapy
topicCissus Joint Pain Randomized Trial
claimWhile joint replacement surgery remains the final option for advanced cases, its widespread adoption is restricted by surgical complications and the limited lifespan of prostheses.Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel biological treatment strategies for osteoarthritis that are both efficacious and safe, and exosomes have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates.
evidence level3
citationYuan Shuai (2026)
sourceGreening Bone Healing: The Emerging Role of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Therapy