topicCalcium Bone Density Meta-Analysis
claim4 4 5 FHA is a state of estrogen deficiency leading to detrimental skeletal effects, including insufficient peak bone mass accrual if onset is in adolescent/early adult life, low BMD, impaired bone microarchitecture, and resultant increased fracture risk ().
evidence level1
citationEfthymiadis Agathoklis (2026)
sourcePharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
topicCalcium Bone Density Meta-Analysis
claimIndeed, fracture risk is 2-7 times higher than in age and sex-matched healthy women (,).
evidence level1
citationEfthymiadis Agathoklis (2026)
sourcePharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
topicCalcium Bone Density Meta-Analysis
claimtransdermal 1 18 19 1 20 1 1 21 22 7 Selection of bone-directed therapy in FHA is typically guided by the outcome of non-pharmacological interventions and fracture risk.
evidence level1
citationEfthymiadis Agathoklis (2026)
sourcePharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
topicCalcium Bone Density Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 1 Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a common reproductive disorder characterized by chronic anovulation due to stress, weight loss, excessive exercise, alone or in combination ().
evidence level1
citationEfthymiadis Agathoklis (2026)
sourcePharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
topicCalcium Bone Density Meta-Analysis
claimAssociation between dietary fiber intake and bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
evidence level1
citationPang Y (2026)
sourceAssociation between dietary fiber intake and bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.