topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claim6 2,7–9 10 11 12 13 Although amyloid-beta and tau hypotheses have been the primary hypotheses in the underlying pathogenesis of AD, emerging evidence suggests that amyloidegenesis can be exacerbated by oxidative stress, leading to AD development and progression [].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claimGrowing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and impairment of innate antioxidative defence may precede the pathological features of AD and clinical manifestations [,].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claimTherefore, this review aims to highlight evidence of oxidative biomarkers across different specimens, including post-mortem brain and biofluids in AD patients compared to the healthy population.
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claim1 1 2 1 3 4 5 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent age-related neurodegenerative disease in the world [].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claimFurther, these treatments do not stop disease progression and are often associated with adverse effects.
evidence level4
citationD’Anniballe De Salles Carolina Beatrice (2026)
sourceProbiotic and Dietary Supplements Intervention in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claimTherefore, the current review elaborated the evidence that demonstrates probiotics and dietary supplements as a treatment’s strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
evidence level4
citationD’Anniballe De Salles Carolina Beatrice (2026)
sourceProbiotic and Dietary Supplements Intervention in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claim14 10 15 16 17 7 18 19 20 21 The gut microbiome undergoes sequential changes which result in dysbiosis during aging because it loses its beneficial commensal bacteria while pathogenic bacteria multiply [].
evidence level4
citationD’Anniballe De Salles Carolina Beatrice (2026)
sourceProbiotic and Dietary Supplements Intervention in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCacao Flavanols Cognitive Performance Meta-Analysis
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 9 The worldwide health crisis from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), affect older adults has become more severe [,,].
evidence level4
citationD’Anniballe De Salles Carolina Beatrice (2026)
sourceProbiotic and Dietary Supplements Intervention in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders