topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimAdditionally, an unusually high bowel movement frequency that does not qualify as diarrhea has been associated with changes in the gut microbiome [].
evidence level4
citationOtaru Nize (2026)
sourceA Postbiotic Containing Limosilactobacillus fermentum CNCM I-2998 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNCM I-4831 Reduces Bowel Movement Frequency in Healthy Adults with Self-Reported Unusually Frequent and Soft Stools
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimHowever, there was a trend (= 0.053) of increased Shannon diversity for the postbiotic group compared to the placebo (), suggesting a redistribution of taxa abundances.
evidence level4
citationOtaru Nize (2026)
sourceA Postbiotic Containing Limosilactobacillus fermentum CNCM I-2998 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNCM I-4831 Reduces Bowel Movement Frequency in Healthy Adults with Self-Reported Unusually Frequent and Soft Stools
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimRecent population-based research suggests that bowel movement frequency is associated with distinct microbial and metabolomic profiles even among generally healthy adults, suggesting that bowel habits may be a relevant marker of gastrointestinal and systemic physiology beyond clinically diagnosed gastrointestinal disorders [].
evidence level4
citationOtaru Nize (2026)
sourceA Postbiotic Containing Limosilactobacillus fermentum CNCM I-2998 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNCM I-4831 Reduces Bowel Movement Frequency in Healthy Adults with Self-Reported Unusually Frequent and Soft Stools
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claim1 2 Chronic diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stools which occur three or more times within 24 h and last for four or more weeks [], corresponding to ≥21 bowel movements per week.
evidence level4
citationOtaru Nize (2026)
sourceA Postbiotic Containing Limosilactobacillus fermentum CNCM I-2998 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNCM I-4831 Reduces Bowel Movement Frequency in Healthy Adults with Self-Reported Unusually Frequent and Soft Stools
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimThe gut-immune-metabolic axis has emerged as a central regulator of human health, with growing evidence indicating that microbiota-derived metabolites improve gut microbial ecology, enhance intestinal barrier integrity, reduce systemic inflammation, and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
evidence level4
citationAbbas A (2026)
sourcePostbiotics as Next Generation Biotherapeutics Targeting the Gut-Immune-Metabolic Axis: An Integrative Review.
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimThis review synthesizes current mechanistic and clinical evidence on the role of postbiotics in regulating intestinal barrier integrity, immune responses, oxidative stress, and metabolic-endocrine homeostasis.
evidence level4
citationAbbas A (2026)
sourcePostbiotics as Next Generation Biotherapeutics Targeting the Gut-Immune-Metabolic Axis: An Integrative Review.
topicPostbiotic Gut Health Randomized Trial
claimThe literature was identified through the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, integrating evidence from experimental, mechanistic, animal and clinical studies on the therapeutic potential of postbiotics to modulate the gut-immune-metabolic axis.
evidence level4
citationAbbas A (2026)
sourcePostbiotics as Next Generation Biotherapeutics Targeting the Gut-Immune-Metabolic Axis: An Integrative Review.