topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimThis narrative review critically evaluates clinical evidence on commonly used herbal preparations, with particular emphasis on herb-drug interactions, adverse effects, and issues related to product adulteration.
evidence level3
citationCăuș MN (2026)
sourceEfficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks.
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimHowever, clinically relevant risks were identified, including cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions, excessive sedation, serotonin syndrome, and toxic effects associated with adulterated products, such as hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular events, and neurological disturbances.
evidence level3
citationCăuș MN (2026)
sourceEfficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks.
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimIncreased awareness of herb-drug interactions and stricter quality control are essential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize harm.
evidence level3
citationCăuș MN (2026)
sourceEfficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks.
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimBackground/Objectives: Plant-based supplements are widely used for the management of anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
evidence level3
citationCăuș MN (2026)
sourceEfficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks.
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimThese disturbances occur despite adequate opportunity and conditions for sleep [], and they result in general dissatisfaction with sleep quality and various daytime impairments.
evidence level3
citationŻełabowski Kacper (2025)
sourceThe Efficacy of Melatonergic Receptor Agonists Used in Clinical Practice in Insomnia Treatment: Melatonin, Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, Agomelatine, and Selected Herbs
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimIndividuals reporting nighttime symptoms without associated daytime dysfunction are not classified as having clinical insomnia [,].
evidence level3
citationŻełabowski Kacper (2025)
sourceThe Efficacy of Melatonergic Receptor Agonists Used in Clinical Practice in Insomnia Treatment: Melatonin, Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, Agomelatine, and Selected Herbs
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claimStudies have demonstrated a direct correlation between inadequate sleep and an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and depression [,,].
evidence level3
citationŻełabowski Kacper (2025)
sourceThe Efficacy of Melatonergic Receptor Agonists Used in Clinical Practice in Insomnia Treatment: Melatonin, Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, Agomelatine, and Selected Herbs
topicPassionflower Anxiety Randomized Trial
claim1 2 2 3 4 3 5 6 6 4 6 The etymology of the term “insomnia” derives from Latin, combining “in” meaning “not” and “somnus,” meaning “sleep” [].
evidence level3
citationŻełabowski Kacper (2025)
sourceThe Efficacy of Melatonergic Receptor Agonists Used in Clinical Practice in Insomnia Treatment: Melatonin, Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, Agomelatine, and Selected Herbs