topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimImportantly, once a stroke has occurred, the risk of recurrence and subsequent cognitive impairment increases significantly ().
evidence level3
citationBu Fan (2026)
sourceFrom diet to brain repair: natural bioactive compounds in post-ischemic stroke recovery
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimResearch on stroke pathophysiology has demonstrated that lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and moderated alcohol intake, play crucial roles to reduce the risk of stroke (,).
evidence level3
citationBu Fan (2026)
sourceFrom diet to brain repair: natural bioactive compounds in post-ischemic stroke recovery
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimWe synthesize current evidence on the role of food-derived and natural bioactive compounds in post-ischemic stroke recovery.
evidence level3
citationBu Fan (2026)
sourceFrom diet to brain repair: natural bioactive compounds in post-ischemic stroke recovery
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7–9 Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide, with global incidence numbers increasing ~4.07 million in 1990 to ~7.8 million in 2020 ().
evidence level3
citationBu Fan (2026)
sourceFrom diet to brain repair: natural bioactive compounds in post-ischemic stroke recovery
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimRecent multi-cohort integrative analyses and meta-analyses have identified a PD-associated microbial profile enriched in pro-inflammatory species.
evidence level3
citationChiang Han-Lin (2025)
sourceManagement of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimThese dysbiotic changes are linked to compromised intestinal barrier integrity (“leaky gut”), systemic inflammation, and altered microbial metabolic functions and gene expression profiles.Growing evidence supports the involvement of the GI tract and the ENS in the pathophysiology of PD.
evidence level3
citationChiang Han-Lin (2025)
sourceManagement of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimIncreased intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”) might also facilitate systemic inflammation and impact the ENS and CNS.
evidence level3
citationChiang Han-Lin (2025)
sourceManagement of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
topicMilk Thistle Cognition Randomized Trial
claimRecently, increasing attention has been garnered to GI symptoms manifesting not only after a PD diagnosis, but in fact, occurring before the occurrence of motor dysfunction.
evidence level3
citationChiang Han-Lin (2025)
sourceManagement of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease