evidence table

L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial Evidence Table

Structured evidence table for L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial, generated from 2 reusable source documents in the Migaku knowledge base.

topicclaimevidence levelcitationsource
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial1 Aging is characterized by progressive physiological decline, including loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (Sarcopenia), reduced mitochondrial efficiency, and increased oxidative stress, all of which contribute to frailty and diminished quality of life in older adults ().3Wang Xiaolan (2026)Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial1 2 3 4 5 By the age of 70, individuals may experience a 25%−30% reduction in muscle mass, which is strongly associated with impaired mobility, falls, and loss of independence ().3Wang Xiaolan (2026)Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized TrialLow circulating glycine levels have been associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and higher cardiometabolic risk (,).3Wang Xiaolan (2026)Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized TrialIn this review, the term “older adults” generally refers to individuals aged ≥60 or ≥65 years, consistent with definitions used by the World Health Organization and most geriatric clinical trials.3Wang Xiaolan (2026)Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trialbecause of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classified Meldonium as a prohibited substance effective January 1, 2016.4Malm Christer (2026)Meldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized TrialThe decision to move Meldonium from the Monitoring program to the Prohibited list was made “…” (WADA 2016 Prohibited List, 16 September 2015), rather than robust scientific evidence demonstrating actual performance enhancement.4Malm Christer (2026)Meldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized TrialTo date, scientific consensus on Meldonium’s ergogenic effects in humans remains inconclusive, prompting a need for a critical evaluation of the existing evidence hierarchy.4Malm Christer (2026)Meldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
L-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial1 2 β While Western countries commonly refer to substances like Meldonium as “metabolic modulators,” in Eastern countries, they are frequently classified as “antihypoxic agents” ().4Malm Christer (2026)Meldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claim1 Aging is characterized by progressive physiological decline, including loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (Sarcopenia), reduced mitochondrial efficiency, and increased oxidative stress, all of which contribute to frailty and diminished quality of life in older adults ().
evidence level3
citationWang Xiaolan (2026)
sourceGlycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 By the age of 70, individuals may experience a 25%−30% reduction in muscle mass, which is strongly associated with impaired mobility, falls, and loss of independence ().
evidence level3
citationWang Xiaolan (2026)
sourceGlycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claimLow circulating glycine levels have been associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and higher cardiometabolic risk (,).
evidence level3
citationWang Xiaolan (2026)
sourceGlycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claimIn this review, the term “older adults” generally refers to individuals aged ≥60 or ≥65 years, consistent with definitions used by the World Health Organization and most geriatric clinical trials.
evidence level3
citationWang Xiaolan (2026)
sourceGlycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claimbecause of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classified Meldonium as a prohibited substance effective January 1, 2016.
evidence level4
citationMalm Christer (2026)
sourceMeldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claimThe decision to move Meldonium from the Monitoring program to the Prohibited list was made “…” (WADA 2016 Prohibited List, 16 September 2015), rather than robust scientific evidence demonstrating actual performance enhancement.
evidence level4
citationMalm Christer (2026)
sourceMeldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claimTo date, scientific consensus on Meldonium’s ergogenic effects in humans remains inconclusive, prompting a need for a critical evaluation of the existing evidence hierarchy.
evidence level4
citationMalm Christer (2026)
sourceMeldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential
topicL-Carnitine Memory Randomized Trial
claim1 2 β While Western countries commonly refer to substances like Meldonium as “metabolic modulators,” in Eastern countries, they are frequently classified as “antihypoxic agents” ().
evidence level4
citationMalm Christer (2026)
sourceMeldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential

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Source documents

  1. Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults
  2. Meldonium and human sport performance: a narrative review evaluating the evidence for ergogenic potential