topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claim8 9 6 10 11 12–14 1 15 16 15 2 16 17 18 Most of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with CKD is attributable to CVD [,] with an increased risk beginning with both mildly reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and very low levels of albuminuria (albumin: creatinine ratio >30 mg/g).
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claimThis risk increases exponentially and independently with worsening eGFR and albuminuria with the highest risk being observed in individuals with severely reduced eGFR and high levels of albuminuria [,,].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claimNot surprisingly, kidney failure, the most extreme category of CKD, is associated with the highest cardiovascular risk [].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claim1–5 4–7 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health priority estimated to affect 13% of adults worldwide including close to 100 million Europeans, and projected to increase rapidly over the next decades [].
evidence level3
citationFerro Charles J (2026)
sourceFish oil supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claimOver time, however, increased rates of exaggerated inflammatory responses began to be reported in critically ill patients and in individuals receiving long-term parenteral nutrition, and excessive omega-6 fatty-acid delivery was considered a likely contributor to these adverse effects.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claimThis article is a narrative review that aims to synthesize the mechanistic rationale and clinically relevant evidence regarding fish oil-containing injectable lipid emulsions (FO-ILE) used in parenteral nutrition (PN), with a focus on critically ill adult patients.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claimIn addition, reference lists of relevant clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guideline/consensus documents were screened to identify further key publications.
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review
topicFish Oil Triglycerides Randomized Trial
claim1 2 1 Since the development of the first-generation total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the 1960s, injectable lipid emulsions have been a key component, providing both energy and essential fatty acids [,].
evidence level4
citationKęska Mariusz (2026)
sourceFish Oil-Containing Injectable Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Immunomodulation and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients—Narrative Review