topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimThis narrative review summarizes evidence on sports drinks and related functional beverages, with emphasis on hydration, gastric emptying and intestinal absorption, thermoregulation, biomarkers of hydration and recovery, and potential effects beyond hydration, including fatigue, muscle and organ damage, inflammation, and immune responses.
evidence level4
citationSuzuki K (2026)
sourceSports Drinks for Rehydration, Amelioration of Fatigue, and Recovery from Exertion.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimBecause available studies vary widely in population, exercise mode, environmental conditions, beverage composition, intake timing, and outcome measures, the evidence should be interpreted cautiously.
evidence level4
citationSuzuki K (2026)
sourceSports Drinks for Rehydration, Amelioration of Fatigue, and Recovery from Exertion.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimCurrent evidence supports the practical value of appropriate fluid, electrolyte, and carbohydrate intake for maintaining hydration and exercise performance, whereas evidence for broader effects on inflammation, immunodepression, organ protection, and recovery remains context-dependent.
evidence level4
citationSuzuki K (2026)
sourceSports Drinks for Rehydration, Amelioration of Fatigue, and Recovery from Exertion.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimSports drinks have traditionally been formulated as carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages to support fluid replacement and energy provision during exercise.
evidence level4
citationSuzuki K (2026)
sourceSports Drinks for Rehydration, Amelioration of Fatigue, and Recovery from Exertion.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimCalculated plasma volume (PV) increased to a greater extent with supplementation (p = 0.033).
evidence level4
citationPeterson R (2026)
sourcePost exercise hydration responses to an electrolyte, glycerol, and creatine supplement in horses: a preliminary study.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimThese preliminary findings suggest that an electrolyte supplement containing glycerol and creatine may augment post-exercise rehydration by promoting increased water intake, supporting PV expansion, and improving body mass recovery in moderately exercised horses.
evidence level4
citationPeterson R (2026)
sourcePost exercise hydration responses to an electrolyte, glycerol, and creatine supplement in horses: a preliminary study.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimHowever, limited data are available on formulations that include osmotically active compounds such as glycerol and creatine.
evidence level4
citationPeterson R (2026)
sourcePost exercise hydration responses to an electrolyte, glycerol, and creatine supplement in horses: a preliminary study.
topicElectrolytes Hydration Exercise
claimThese additional ingredients may enhance fluid retention, yet their physiologic effects in equine athletes have not been evaluated.
evidence level4
citationPeterson R (2026)
sourcePost exercise hydration responses to an electrolyte, glycerol, and creatine supplement in horses: a preliminary study.