topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimAs a result, common infections are becoming harder to treat, leading to prolonged illness, increased healthcare costs, higher mortality, and a growing burden on healthcare systems worldwide [,].
evidence level4
citationAlexandrova Alexandra S. (2026)
sourceA Review of the Properties of Clinically Evaluated Plant-Derived Agents in the Treatment of Respiratory Infections
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimClinical decisions should be based on the quality of available evidence, safety considerations, and the individual characteristics of each patient [,,].
evidence level4
citationAlexandrova Alexandra S. (2026)
sourceA Review of the Properties of Clinically Evaluated Plant-Derived Agents in the Treatment of Respiratory Infections
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimThe use of evidence-based herbal products for symptomatic relief can help reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and self-medication.
evidence level4
citationAlexandrova Alexandra S. (2026)
sourceA Review of the Properties of Clinically Evaluated Plant-Derived Agents in the Treatment of Respiratory Infections
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTIs and LRTIs) are prevalent health concerns globally, accounting for a significant burden of illness and healthcare resources.
evidence level4
citationAlexandrova Alexandra S. (2026)
sourceA Review of the Properties of Clinically Evaluated Plant-Derived Agents in the Treatment of Respiratory Infections
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimThese products are commonly consumed for reasons including convenience, reduced sugar intake compared to whole-food alternatives, limited availability of specific foods, and individual dietary preferences.
evidence level4
citationKumkum Ravish (2026)
sourceAnthocyanin-Rich Pigment Supplements in the Australian Online Market: Sources, Labelling Practices, and Bioactivity Claims
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimIn addition, available evidence suggests that anthocyanins are generally well tolerated, and human and animal intervention studies have not identified any major safety concerns at commonly studied doses [,].
evidence level4
citationKumkum Ravish (2026)
sourceAnthocyanin-Rich Pigment Supplements in the Australian Online Market: Sources, Labelling Practices, and Bioactivity Claims
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claimThe most common extract ratios were 4:1 and 10:1, primarily found in bilberry, elderberry, tart cherry, acai berry, cranberry, and hawthorn berry.
evidence level4
citationKumkum Ravish (2026)
sourceAnthocyanin-Rich Pigment Supplements in the Australian Online Market: Sources, Labelling Practices, and Bioactivity Claims
topicElderberry Immune Randomized Trial
claim1 2 1 Anthocyanins are naturally occurring, water-soluble polyphenolic pigments responsible for the bright red-orange to blue-violet colours observed in many plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, stems, leaves, and flowers [].
evidence level4
citationKumkum Ravish (2026)
sourceAnthocyanin-Rich Pigment Supplements in the Australian Online Market: Sources, Labelling Practices, and Bioactivity Claims