topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimCurrent (sports) dietary protein guidelines are largely predicated on evidence derived from mechanistic investigations of isolated protein sources; however, less work has evaluated the anabolic effects of ingesting protein-rich whole-foods [,,,,], despite them contributing the majority of daily protein within normal eating patterns, even in trained individuals [].
evidence level4
citationHaigh Freyja AD (2026)
sourceIngestion of diverse protein-rich whole-foods result in similar post exercise whole body and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with a more isolated protein source in young adults
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claim17 9 8 12 For example, support for a whole-food effect can be found from data reporting a more positive net muscle protein balance following the ingestion of whole milk compared with skimmed milk [] and (post exercise) mycoprotein ingestion compared with concentrated milk protein [].
evidence level4
citationHaigh Freyja AD (2026)
sourceIngestion of diverse protein-rich whole-foods result in similar post exercise whole body and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with a more isolated protein source in young adults
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimWe hypothesized that the ingestion of a variety of protein-rich whole-foods would stimulate post exercise MPS rates to a greater extent than a more isolated protein source and result in a greater WB net protein balance.
evidence level4
citationHaigh Freyja AD (2026)
sourceIngestion of diverse protein-rich whole-foods result in similar post exercise whole body and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with a more isolated protein source in young adults
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claim1 2 [3] [4] [5] 6 7 8 [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] 13 In the absence of sufficient protein ingestion after resistance exercise, net whole body (WB) and muscle protein balance remains negative, limiting the accretion of new proteins and, consequently, adaptive responses over time (e.g., muscle hypertrophy) [].
evidence level4
citationHaigh Freyja AD (2026)
sourceIngestion of diverse protein-rich whole-foods result in similar post exercise whole body and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with a more isolated protein source in young adults
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimAs people age, their metabolism slows down, leading to changes in body composition where muscle mass gradually decreases and fat accumulates, leading reduced muscle strength and altered energy metabolism.
evidence level4
citationShang Kai-Li (2026)
sourceDuck-egg white hydrolysate supplementation enhances muscle endurance and fatigue resistance during high-intensity exercise
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimIn addition to the decline in muscle mass, modern lifestyles with increased workloads and insufficient physical activity often result in low muscle endurance and persistent fatigue.
evidence level4
citationShang Kai-Li (2026)
sourceDuck-egg white hydrolysate supplementation enhances muscle endurance and fatigue resistance during high-intensity exercise
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimConversely, decreased phosphorylation of FoxO family proteins results in increased expression of TRIM63/MuRF1 and Atrogin-1/MAFbx, activating MPB.
evidence level4
citationShang Kai-Li (2026)
sourceDuck-egg white hydrolysate supplementation enhances muscle endurance and fatigue resistance during high-intensity exercise
topicEgg White Protein Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimMinistry of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, 2025 Wang, 2017 The duck-egg industry in Taiwan has experienced stable growth in recent years.
evidence level4
citationShang Kai-Li (2026)
sourceDuck-egg white hydrolysate supplementation enhances muscle endurance and fatigue resistance during high-intensity exercise