topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claim6 2,7–9 10 11 12 13 Although amyloid-beta and tau hypotheses have been the primary hypotheses in the underlying pathogenesis of AD, emerging evidence suggests that amyloidegenesis can be exacerbated by oxidative stress, leading to AD development and progression [].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claimGrowing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and impairment of innate antioxidative defence may precede the pathological features of AD and clinical manifestations [,].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claimTherefore, this review aims to highlight evidence of oxidative biomarkers across different specimens, including post-mortem brain and biofluids in AD patients compared to the healthy population.
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claim1 1 2 1 3 4 5 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent age-related neurodegenerative disease in the world [].
evidence level3
citationZainuddin Muhammad-Safuan (2026)
sourceOxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoids in Alzheimer's disease: current clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives
topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claimThe number of individuals affected by dementia and cognitive decline is progressively increasing, becoming a serious global health challenge.
evidence level4
citationSbai O (2026)
sourceThe Role of Polyphenols on Cognitive Function and Dementia Through Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis Modulation: A Narrative Review.
topicCocoa Flavanol Cognitive Performance Randomized Trial
claimSeveral investigations underline the role of nutrition and dietary habits as a preventive strategy.
evidence level4
citationSbai O (2026)
sourceThe Role of Polyphenols on Cognitive Function and Dementia Through Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis Modulation: A Narrative Review.