topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimVarious pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions have been introduced, but the evidence regarding their efficacy, safety, and tolerability is conflicting and inconsistent.
evidence level1
citationSagaro Getu Gamo (2025)
sourceComparison of the effects of choline alphoscerate and citicoline in patients with dementia disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimThis could be attributed to a decline in the efficacy of ChE-Is treatment over time, and to the difficulty in treating specific patient categories such as older age groups, or patients with the concomitant presence of conditions such as bradycardia, bronchial asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to the treatment-associated adverse effects (,).
evidence level1
citationSagaro Getu Gamo (2025)
sourceComparison of the effects of choline alphoscerate and citicoline in patients with dementia disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimStudies were classified based on the quality assessment into three categories: low-risk bias (all quality criteria met), moderate-risk bias (one or more quality criteria only partly met), and high-risk bias (one or more quality criteria not met).
evidence level1
citationSagaro Getu Gamo (2025)
sourceComparison of the effects of choline alphoscerate and citicoline in patients with dementia disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 Dementia is a condition linked to various neurodegenerative diseases, marked by a significant decline in cognitive abilities that affects daily activities ().
evidence level1
citationSagaro Getu Gamo (2025)
sourceComparison of the effects of choline alphoscerate and citicoline in patients with dementia disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimAlthough L-α-GPC has been discussed in both neurodegenerative and vascular-related cognitive disorders, the available evidence remains heterogeneous.
evidence level4
citationPutri Vannisa Artasya (2026)
sourceL-α-GPC in Cognitive Decline: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence in Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimTherefore, a careful and contextualized interpretation of the literature is necessary, particularly when comparing evidence across Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease-related cognitive decline, and cognitive impairment associated with cerebrovascular conditions.
evidence level4
citationPutri Vannisa Artasya (2026)
sourceL-α-GPC in Cognitive Decline: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence in Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claimGiven this background, the present narrative review focuses primarily on the mechanistic and clinical evidence regarding L-α-GPC in cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders, while also acknowledging relevant findings from studies of vascular- or cerebrovascular-related cognitive impairment where appropriate.
evidence level4
citationPutri Vannisa Artasya (2026)
sourceL-α-GPC in Cognitive Decline: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence in Neurodegenerative Disorders
topicCdp-Choline Cognition Randomized Trial
claim1 2 Neurodegeneration involves the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to cognitive and motor impairments.
evidence level4
citationPutri Vannisa Artasya (2026)
sourceL-α-GPC in Cognitive Decline: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence in Neurodegenerative Disorders