topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimA variable degree of carbonation can be seen in stones, and greater carbonate content is associated with culturable microorganisms on the crystal surface, raising the potential need to evaluate for urinary tract infection.Not all laboratories report the presence of carbonated hydroxyapatite or quantify the degree of carbonation.
evidence level3
citationTsai Peihsuan (2026)
sourceCalcium Phosphate Nephrolithiasis: A Comprehensive Review
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimCohort studies have identified 3 main urinary risk factors associated with CaP stone formation: high urine pH, hypercalciuria, and hypocitraturia().
evidence level3
citationTsai Peihsuan (2026)
sourceCalcium Phosphate Nephrolithiasis: A Comprehensive Review
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimWe will next review these clinical risk factors individually and review insights from histopathologic evidence.
evidence level3
citationTsai Peihsuan (2026)
sourceCalcium Phosphate Nephrolithiasis: A Comprehensive Review
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimCalcium phosphate (CaP) kidney stones are the second most encountered stone type.
evidence level3
citationTsai Peihsuan (2026)
sourceCalcium Phosphate Nephrolithiasis: A Comprehensive Review
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimReduced kidney function in these patients leads to a range of pathological changes in mineral metabolism termed mineral and bone disorder (MBD)[].
evidence level4
citationIlkun Olesya (2026)
sourceEmerging treatments and current strategies for mineral, vascular, and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimIndeed, high serum phosphate in patients with ESKD is associated with increased risk of all-cause[,] and cardiovascular (CV) mortality[,], as well as bone fractures[].
evidence level4
citationIlkun Olesya (2026)
sourceEmerging treatments and current strategies for mineral, vascular, and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimElevated calcium levels are also associated with increased mortality across all stages of kidney disease, but particularly so in ESKD[,].
evidence level4
citationIlkun Olesya (2026)
sourceEmerging treatments and current strategies for mineral, vascular, and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease
topicCalcium Citrate Absorption Randomized Trial
claimPatients with advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease experience disproportionally high morbidity and mortality compared to the general population, particularly from cardiovascular disease and following bone fractures.
evidence level4
citationIlkun Olesya (2026)
sourceEmerging treatments and current strategies for mineral, vascular, and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease