topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claimAccordingly, contemporary guidelines no longer recommend IN-CAL as first-line treatment for chronic osteoporosis, and concerns regarding a potential malignancy signal further limited long-term use.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claim18 A landmark review by Plosker and McTavish summarized the pharmacologic and clinical evidence for IN-CAL through the mid-1990s.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claimThe present review builds upon this foundation by contextualizing historical data and synthesizing subsequent evidence across 3 domains: (1) pharmacology and mechanisms; (2) established and preventive osteoporosis; and (3) acute orthopaedic applications, with particular emphasis on analgesia and time-dependent therapeutic effects.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claim1 3 - 4 5 , Intranasal salmon calcitonin (IN-CAL) is a peptide antiresorptive agent historically used in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis, where early randomized trials demonstrated lumbar spine-specific increases in bone mineral density (BMD) with minimal peripheral effects.
evidence level3
citationAhmad Areeb (2026)
sourceRevisiting Intranasal Salmon Calcitonin: Historical Osteoporosis Evidence and a Potential Role in Acute Orthopaedic Pain Management
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claim3 3 4 4 More than 50 bone replacements have been crafted since Van Meekren’s initial bone transplant in 1668, but none have found extensive therapeutic use.
evidence level4
citationRamesh Konathala SV (2026)
sourceEggshell sourced hydroxyapatite as a bone regenerative material in dentistry – a narrative review
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claimInstead of commercial grafts, eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite (EHA) has recently demonstrated better osteoconductive qualities and increased bone healing in rats.
evidence level4
citationRamesh Konathala SV (2026)
sourceEggshell sourced hydroxyapatite as a bone regenerative material in dentistry – a narrative review
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claim(2019) [] RCT, split mouth Socket preservation 12 EnHA Placebo, no graft Increased bone density after 6 months 3 Nainoor et al.
evidence level4
citationRamesh Konathala SV (2026)
sourceEggshell sourced hydroxyapatite as a bone regenerative material in dentistry – a narrative review
topicCalcium Bone Density Randomized Trial
claim1 2 Bone is a dynamic connective tissue, and bone regeneration is a complex, well-orchestrated physiological process that has the intrinsic capacity to repair in response to injury.
evidence level4
citationRamesh Konathala SV (2026)
sourceEggshell sourced hydroxyapatite as a bone regenerative material in dentistry – a narrative review