topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimTransient, exercise-like IL-6 pulses improve hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and enhance resilience to steatosis.In practice, exercise programs that elicit short-lived IL-6 surges while lowering chronic inflammation may reduce hepatic fat and improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with T2DM and MASLD, whereas sustained IL-6 blockade may counteract these benefits in at-risk populations.
evidence level3
citationJin Leigang (2026)
sourceExerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimIn mouse models of obesity and diabetes, IC7Fc enhances insulin sensitivity, stimulates GLP-1 secretion, reduces liver fat, and preserves muscle mass.These effects mimic key aspects of exercise-induced IL-6 signaling and provide a proof-of-concept evidence for therapeutic applications [Figure].
evidence level3
citationJin Leigang (2026)
sourceExerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimAs a training-inducible myokine, it redistributes lipids to tissues specialized for storage or oxidation, reduces lipotoxic stress in insulin-sensitive organs, and supports the resilience of cardiac and skeletal muscle.These coordinated actions provide a mechanistic basis connecting structured exercise with healthier fat distribution and improved glycemic control.
evidence level3
citationJin Leigang (2026)
sourceExerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimSome individuals exhibit dramatic improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity with training, whereas others, often termed “exercise nonresponders”, achieve only minimal metabolic gains.This variability highlights the need for precision exercise medicine, which integrates molecular insights to optimize exercise prescriptions for individual patients.
evidence level3
citationJin Leigang (2026)
sourceExerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimEmerging empirical evidence indicates that a simultaneous approach targeting mitochondrial function, one-carbon metabolism, and catecholaminergic pathways may yield a more efficacious strategy than isolated interventions ().
evidence level3
citationXu Chunhong (2026)
sourceSkeletal muscle mitochondrial–methylation–neurotransmitter crosstalk: a novel synergistic model of betaine, tyrosine, and Cordyceps for exercise performance in older adults, individuals with metabolic disorders, and healthy populations
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimThe dysregulation of methylation pathways has been associated with the onset of metabolic syndrome, cognitive decline, and muscular dysfunction ().
evidence level3
citationXu Chunhong (2026)
sourceSkeletal muscle mitochondrial–methylation–neurotransmitter crosstalk: a novel synergistic model of betaine, tyrosine, and Cordyceps for exercise performance in older adults, individuals with metabolic disorders, and healthy populations
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claimThe process of aging, along with metabolic disorders, is often correlated with compromised dopaminergic signaling, which contributes to diminished physical performance and increased levels of fatigue.
evidence level3
citationXu Chunhong (2026)
sourceSkeletal muscle mitochondrial–methylation–neurotransmitter crosstalk: a novel synergistic model of betaine, tyrosine, and Cordyceps for exercise performance in older adults, individuals with metabolic disorders, and healthy populations
topicBetaine Muscle Mass Randomized Trial
claim1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Athletic performance represents a multifaceted phenotype influenced by the interplay of mitochondrial bioenergetics, epigenetic modulation, and neurotransmitter signaling ().
evidence level3
citationXu Chunhong (2026)
sourceSkeletal muscle mitochondrial–methylation–neurotransmitter crosstalk: a novel synergistic model of betaine, tyrosine, and Cordyceps for exercise performance in older adults, individuals with metabolic disorders, and healthy populations